Gilded Age municipalities were overwhelmingly not controlled by bosses or by ethnic-based political machines. To this end, four styles (Boss, Broker, Ward-Based, and Charismatic Mayor)
Category: Machine Era Bosses in Progressive Age
Cincinnati: Machine Boss, Structural Reformers and Social Reform Mayor
In the Progressive Era one can see bosses and mayors becoming one and the same. More often than not the mayor’s office wins out—in the
Machines and Bosses in Progressive Era: Cincinnati Cox, New York City Tammany and Buffalo
Machines and Bosses Our history distinguishes machines from (1) bosses, (2) city-wide and centralized versus ward and decentralized organization, and (3) their voting constituency, always
Ron W. Coan 